Skin Cancer
什么是基础细胞皮肤癌？
Basal cell skincancer is by far the most common form of skin cancer in the United States. It is believed to occur when ultraviolet radiation (usually sunlight) damages the genetic material of the basal cells located in the thin, top layer of the skin (epidermis) or hair follicles.
The most common site for basal cell skin cancer is the face (typically the nose or ears), although it may appear anywhere. It is usually a painless, slow-growing cancer and very rarely, if ever, spreads to other parts of the body. Left untreated, however, it can slowly invade and even destroy the entire nose or an ear. Fortunately, with early detection and treatment, basal cell carcinoma is cured in 95% of cases, with only 5% of cases showing local recurrence.
Who Gets Basal Cell Skin Cancer?
皮肤癌是所有癌症中最常见的，基础细胞癌是最普遍的皮肤癌，每八个美国人中的一次醒目，包括20多岁及30年代，女性和男性的人。它代表美国新诊断的癌症中的约三分之一。
基底细胞癌的最常见的位点是面部，尤其是鼻子或耳朵，但它可以出现在任何阳光暴露的皮肤区域上。它通常是无痛和缓慢的生长，很少蔓延到身体的其他部位。
Symptoms
A small, flat, waxy or pearly bump, most common on the face, ears, back, or the “V” where the neck meets the chest.
皮肤疼痛，不会愈合并且可能会剥离，流血或渗出。
A sore or bump indented (sunken) in the middle.
皮肤瑕疵在一段时间内稳步增长，并且不会在一个月内自发消失。它可能会发展成凸起的边缘和潮湿的溃疡。溃疡似乎可以愈合或消失，仅在后来复发。
Causes/Risk Factors
Skin cells are damaged by cumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun or from artificial sources (such as sunlamps). Although the risk of skin cancer increases steadily with age, even teenagers with excess sun exposure can develop skin cancers.
People who sunburn easily, especially those with fair skin, blue eyes, or red or blond hair are most at risk, because they have relatively little natural pigment protection (melanin).
圆形阳光气候的风险更大，太阳的辐射是最不变和强烈的。
In comparison to women, men have a two-fold higher risk of developing basal cell carcinoma.
存在一些遗传疾病，其中一个人被倾向于获得多个基础细胞癌。
What If You Do Nothing?
如果未经治疗，所有形式的皮肤癌将最终变得破坏。基础细胞癌生长缓慢，但重要的是它们早期发现和治疗，因为它们最终最终侵入并摧毁了附近的组织。更具侵略性的基础细胞癌可以蔓延到身体的其他部位或变得毁容。
诊断
A physician can often diagnose basal cell carcinoma on sight; however, definitive diagnosis is essential, especially given the possibility of morpheaform BCC (a form of basal cell carcinoma that may look like a scar and can blend in with the surrounding skin, thus escaping detection for years while continuing to spread).
进行皮肤活组织检查（通过病理学家去除用于检查的组织样品）以确认诊断和指导治疗方案。活检也可用于排除更积极的皮肤癌（例如恶性黑色素瘤）。
Treatment
基础细胞癌的治疗取决于疾病的阶段（即，它是否已蔓延到周围组织），肿瘤的大小和位置以及患者的整体健康状况。标准治疗可包括手术，放射疗法和化疗。在某些情况下，使用多种处理。但是，当捕获时间时，基础细胞癌通常可以通过医生在门诊的基础上除去。
Types of surgeryinclude the following:
Cryosurgery or cryotherapy (an instrument is used to freeze and destroy cancer cells).
Curettage and electrodessication (a sharp instrument[curette]用于去除癌细胞，然后施加电流以控制渗出并破坏剩余的癌细胞）。
Dermabrasion（旋转仪器用于去除癌细胞）。
激光手术（激光用于去除癌细胞）。
MoHS显微手术（通常用于治疗脸上的皮肤癌，因为它除去较少的正常组织;在层中除去病变，并且在显微镜下检查每个层的癌细胞）。
剃须切除（癌细胞剃掉皮肤表面）。
Simple excision (cancer cells and surrounding normal tissue is removed).
Radiation therapyuses high-energy x-rays to destroy cancer cells. The type of radiation used depends on the stage of the cancer. This treatment modality is usually reserved for those cases that cannot be treated surgically.
Chemotherapy, which uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, may be used to treat basal cell carcinoma. In most cases, the chemotherapy drugs are applied directly to the skin in a cream or a lotion.
光动力治疗也可用于治疗基础细胞癌。在该处理中，将用光（称为光敏剂或光敏剂）激活的药物注入静脉中。该药物被体内所有细胞吸收，但在较高浓度下收集并在癌细胞中仍然更长。注射后一到三天，当大多数药物不再保持在正常细胞中时，激光聚焦在病变上，激活药物并破坏癌细胞。
口服药物是治疗基底细胞癌的最新选择。2012年，美国食品和药物管理局（FDA）批准了Vismodegib（erivedge）治疗成人的局部晚期和转移性基础细胞癌。这种药物以丸剂形式给药，每天服用一次。它不应该用于怀孕或可能怀孕的女性。
预防
As much as possible, avoid or minimize exposure to direct sunlight between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.
通过帽子和长袖等防护服阻挡太阳的光线。
Before going outside, apply (and reapply often) a waterproof sunscreen lotion with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30。（大多数人谨慎地涂抹防晒霜的方式，SPF为30只提供了15个SPF。）
避免Sunlamps和Tanning Booths。
Perform regular skin self-examinations, looking for any new growths, sores that don’t heal, or changes in the shape, color, or size of existing lesions.
People who have had one basal cell skin cancer have an approximately 50% chance of having a second nonmelanoma (basal or squamous cell) skin cancer within five years. For this reason, preventive measures are especially important after initial diagnosis.
获得年度检查，并确保您的皮肤彻底前进。向你的医生询问你关心的任何斑点。
什么时候打电话给你的医生
当您注意到新的增长时，请与您的医生预约，特别是在阳光暴露的网站上。只是大家都有一些皮肤增长;大多数是无害的。尽管如此，考试是明智的，可能需要活组织检查。应及时查看未愈合的病变或不断增长的病变进行早期检测。
Schedule a skin examination at least once a year following an episode of basal cell skin cancer.
Reviewed by Kevin Berman, M.D., Ph.D., Atlanta Center for Dermatologic Disease, Atlanta, GA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network.
